邵波散记

作者： 8bto

  • debian gnome

    aptitude search gnome|grep

    gir1.2-gnomebluetooth-1.0 – Introspection data for GnomeBluetooth

    gir1.2-gnomekeyring-1.0 – GNOME keyring services library – introspec

    gnome – Full GNOME Desktop Environment, with extra

    gnome-accessibility-themes – Accessibility themes for the GNOME desktop

    gnome-applets – Various applets for the GNOME panel – bina

    gnome-applets-data – Various applets for the GNOME panel – data

    gnome-backgrounds – Set of backgrounds packaged with the GNOME

    gnome-bluetooth – GNOME Bluetooth tools

    gnome-brave-icon-theme – blue variation of the GNOME-Colors icon th

    gnome-cards-data – data files for the GNOME card games

    gnome-color-manager – Color management integration for the GNOME

    gnome-colors-common – common icons for all GNOME-Colors icon the

    gnome-common – common scripts and macros to develop with

    gnome-contacts – Contacts manager for GNOME

    gnome-control-center – utilities to configure the GNOME desktop

    gnome-control-center-data – configuration applets for GNOME – data fil

    gnome-core – GNOME Desktop Environment — essential com

    gnome-desktop-data – Common files for GNOME desktop apps

    gnome-desktop-environment – The GNOME Desktop Environment – transition

    gnome-desktop3-data – Common files for GNOME desktop apps

    gnome-dictionary – GNOME dictionary application

    gnome-disk-utility – manage and configure disk drives and media

    gnome-doc-utils – collection of documentation utilities for

    gnome-documents – Document manager for GNOME

    gnome-font-viewer – font viewer for GNOME

    gnome-games – games for the GNOME desktop

    gnome-games-data – data files for the GNOME games

    gnome-games-extra-data – games for the GNOME desktop (extra artwork

    gnome-icon-theme – GNOME Desktop icon theme

    gnome-icon-theme-extras – GNOME Desktop icon theme (additional icons

    gnome-icon-theme-gartoon – Gartoon icon theme for GTK+ 2.x

    gnome-icon-theme-nuovo – Dropline Nuovo icon theme for GTK+ 2.x

    gnome-icon-theme-suede – Suede icon theme for GTK+ 2.x

    gnome-icon-theme-symbolic – GNOME desktop icon theme (symbolic icons)

    gnome-icon-theme-yasis – YASIS (Yet Another Scalable Icon Set)

    gnome-js-common – Common modules for GNOME JavaScript interp

    gnome-keyring – GNOME keyring services (daemon and tools)

    gnome-mag – a screen magnifier for the GNOME desktop

    gnome-media – GNOME media utilities

    gnome-media-common – GNOME media utilities – common files

    gnome-menus – GNOME implementation of the freedesktop me

    gnome-mime-data – base MIME and Application database for GNO

    gnome-nettool – network information tool for GNOME

    gnome-online-accounts – GNOME Online Accounts

    gnome-orca – Scriptable screen reader

    gnome-packagekit – Graphical distribution neutral software ma

    gnome-packagekit-data – Data files for graphical distribution neut

    gnome-panel – launcher and docking facility for GNOME

    gnome-panel-data – common files for the GNOME Panel

    gnome-power-manager – power management tool for the GNOME deskto

    gnome-rdp – remote desktop client for GNOME

    gnome-screensaver – GNOME screen saver and locker

    gnome-screenshot – screenshot application for GNOME

    gnome-search-tool – GNOME tool to search files

    gnome-session – GNOME Session Manager – GNOME 3 session

    gnome-session-bin – GNOME Session Manager – Minimal runtime

    gnome-session-canberra – GNOME session log in and log out sound eve

    gnome-session-common – GNOME Session Manager – common files

    gnome-session-fallback – GNOME Session Manager – GNOME fallback ses

    gnome-settings-daemon – daemon handling the GNOME session settings

    gnome-shell – graphical shell for the GNOME desktop

    gnome-shell-common – common files for the GNOME graphical shell

    gnome-shell-extensions – Extensions to extend functionality of GNOM

    gnome-sudoku – Sudoku puzzle game for GNOME

    gnome-sushi – sushi is a quick previewer for nautilus

    gnome-system-log – system log viewer for GNOME

    gnome-system-monitor – Process viewer and system resource monitor

    gnome-system-tools – Cross-platform configuration utilities for

    gnome-terminal – GNOME terminal emulator application

    gnome-terminal-data – Data files for the GNOME terminal emulator

    gnome-themes – official themes for the GNOME desktop

    gnome-themes-extras – extra themes for the GNOME desktop

    gnome-themes-standard – Standard GNOME themes

    gnome-themes-standard-data – Data files for GNOME standard themes

    gnome-tweak-tool – tool to adjust advanced configuration sett

    gnome-user-guide – GNOME user’s guide

    gnome-user-share – User level public file sharing via WebDAV

    gnome-video-effects – GNOME Video Effects

    guile-gnome2-glib – Guile bindings for GLib

    guile-gnome2-gtk – Guile bindings for GTK+, libglade, Pango a

    libgnome-bluetooth10 – GNOME Bluetooth tools – support library

    libgnome-bluetooth7 – GNOME Bluetooth tools – support library

    libgnome-desktop-2-17 – Utility library for loading .desktop files

    libgnome-desktop-3-2 – Utility library for loading .desktop files

    libgnome-keyring-common – GNOME keyring services library – data file

    libgnome-keyring0 – GNOME keyring services library

    libgnome-keyring1.0-cil – CLI library to access the GNOME Keyring da

    libgnome-mag2 – screen magnification library for the GNOME

    libgnome-media-profiles-3.0-0 – GNOME Media Profiles library

    libgnome-media0 – runtime libraries for the GNOME media util

    libgnome-menu-3-0 – GNOME implementation of the freedesktop me

    libgnome-menu2 – GNOME implementation of the freedesktop me

    libgnome-speech7 – GNOME text-to-speech library

    libgnome-window-settings1 – Utility library for getting window manager

    libgnome2-0 – The GNOME library – runtime files

    libgnome2-canvas-perl – Perl interface to the GNOME canvas library

    libgnome2-common – The GNOME library – common files

    libgnome2-perl – Perl interface to the GNOME libraries

    libgnome2-vfs-perl – Perl interface to the 2.x series of the GN

    libgnomecanvas2-0 – powerful object-oriented display engine –

    libgnomecanvas2-common – powerful object-oriented display engine –

    libgnomekbd-common – GNOME library to manage keyboard configura

    libgnomekbd4 – GNOME library to manage keyboard configura

    libgnomekbd7 – GNOME library to manage keyboard configura

    libgnomeui-0 – GNOME user interface library – runtime fil

    libgnomeui-common – GNOME user interface library – common file

    libgnomevfs2-0 – GNOME Virtual File System (runtime librari

    libgnomevfs2-common – GNOME Virtual File System (common files)

    libgnomevfs2-extra – GNOME Virtual File System (extra modules)

    libpam-gnome-keyring – PAM module to unlock the GNOME keyring upo

    libreoffice-gnome – office productivity suite — GNOME integra

    libsoup-gnome2.4-1 – HTTP library implementation in C — GNOME

    network-manager-gnome – network management framework (GNOME fronte

    policykit-1-gnome – GNOME authentication agent for PolicyKit-1

    python-gnome2 – Python bindings for the GNOME desktop envi

    python-gnomedesktop – Python bindings for the GNOME desktop libr

    python-gnomekeyring – Python bindings for the GNOME keyring libr

    task-gnome-desktop – GNOME desktop environment

    vim-gnome – Vi IMproved – enhanced vi editor – with GN

  • NTP Pool Time Servers

    http://support.ntp.org/bin/view/Servers/NTPPoolServers

    pool.ntp.org uses DNS round robin to make a random selection from a pool of time servers who have volunteered to be in the pool. This is usually good enough for end-users. The minimal ntpd configuration file (e.g. /etc/ntpd.conf) for using pool.ntp.org is:

    driftfile /var/lib/ntp/ntp.drift
server 0.pool.ntp.org
server 1.pool.ntp.org
server 2.pool.ntp.org
server 3.pool.ntp.org

    ALERT! Any questions about the pool.ntp.org server pool should be directed either to the pool mailing list or to the comp.protocols.time.ntp usenet newsgroup.

    IDEA! Time server operators are encouraged to visit the NTP Pool web-site to find out how they can join the NTP pool.

    The NTP Pool DNS system automatically picks time servers which are geographically close for you, but if you want to choose explicitly, there are sub-zones of pool.ntp.org. The “continent” ones are:

    Area: HostName:
    Worldwide pool.ntp.org
    Asia asia.pool.ntp.org
    Europe europe.pool.ntp.org
    North America north-america.pool.ntp.org
    Oceania oceania.pool.ntp.org
    South America south-america.pool.ntp.org

    There are also sub-zones for many countries. Click on your continent to see which country-zones are available there.

    When using the by-country zones, be careful: some of them currently contain only one or two servers, so you are probably better off using either the zone of a nearby country, or using the continent or global zone (This is sometimes also valid if you live in a big country). In general though, just use the “global” zone as in the suggested configuration near the top of the page and let the system sort it out for you.

  • FreeBSD 11 on Raspberry Pi

    Install FreeBSD 11 on a Raspberry Pi

     

    It seems a nice project to try out FreeBSD on a Raspberry Pi.

    There are ready made images available from FreeBSD.org, so this is not very hard to accomplish. Both for FreeBSD 10 as well as for FreeBSD 11. Feeling wild, I choose for FreeBSD 11 🙂

    The image can be downloaded from the FreeBSD ftp-servers.

    Bunzip your image and dd it to a SD-card

     

    I got the FreeBSD-11.0-CURRENT-arm-armv6-RPI-B-20140811-r269824.img.bz2 but perhaps when you read this there are allready newer images available.

    On a Debian GNU/Linux laptop I ran the command:

    bunzip2 FreeBSD-11.0-CURRENT-arm-armv6-RPI-B-20140811-r269824.img.bz2

    Followed by:

    dd if=FreeBSD-11.0-CURRENT-arm-armv6-RPI-B-20140811-r269824.img of=/dev/mmcblk0 bs=1M

    Be carefull when you issue this last command, when you got the of= part wrong, you might inreversable destroy things!

    Now you have a 1Gb big image on your SD card.

    Put the SD card in the Raspberry Pi and power up.

    The very first time you boot FreeBSD on your Raspberry Pi it seems to take ages before you get a prompt. This is because FreeBSD is expanding the partion to fill your whole SD card. In my case it was a 8 Gb SD card. I rebooted the thing and now it did not take that long to give you a prompt.

    When you have a prompt, press enter and log on as root, with an empty password (just hit Enter on the password prompt).

    Now you first need to add a user, make that part of the group “wheel” and give this user a password. This is needed in order to log on to your FreeBSD Raspberry Pi over ssh.

    Set fixed address

    Default your FreeBSD Raspberry Pi will get its network configuration over DHCP. This is great if you want that, but I like my servers to have fixed addresses.

    In /etc/rc.conf you can set the fixed address of the board and add a line with the default router:

    ifconfig_ue0=”inet 192.168.0.123 netmask 255.255.255.0″

    defaultrouter=”192.168.0.1″

    Do not forget to check /etc/resolv.conf to see if this has the right nameserver(s).

    Set timezone

    Become root.

    Make a symbolic link for your timezone to /etc:

    ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Europe/Amsterdam /etc/localtime

    Update the time on your board;

    ntpdate -v -b in.pool.ntp.org

    And edit /etc/rc.conf, add the following line:

    ntpdate_enable=”YES”

    ntpd_enable=”YES”

    Configure sshd

     

    When your Raspberry Pi is connected to the internet, it is important to harden your sshd_config. The best is to disable password login, only allow public key authentication and only for restricted users. Something like “Match Group wheel” is a good start.

    No pkg install

     

    Unfortunately, installing pre-compiled binary packages with the new pkg will not work on your Raspberry Pi.

    Hardware stability is an issue

     

    I own several Raspberry Pies and not all of them are stable. Also the Raspberry Pi is notorious picky about the powersupply cable (USB cable) as well as the powersupply. Problems with the powersupply cable and the powersupply are hard to diagnose.

    If you run into problems, the USB cable and the powersupply are the first things to check. I have seen Raspberries that, when powered on, only show a single, red, LED burning, with all the other LEDs are off. This often is the result of a USB-cable or power supply not playing nice with the Rapsberry – even if the same combination have run wihout problems for weeks.

    On the other hand, there are also a couple Raspberries running in my network with high uptimes and never have shown any problem …

  • IPv6地址表示方法

    对于一个完整的IPv6地址，需要写128位，已经被分成了8段，每段4个字符，也就是说完整地表示一个IPv6地址，需要写32个字母，这是相当长的，并且容易混淆和出错，所以IPv6在地址的表示方法上，是有讲究的，到目前为止，IPv6地址的表示方法分为三种，分别是：

    1.首选格式

    2.压缩表示

    3.IPv4内嵌在IPv6中
    下面分别详细介绍这三种IPv6地址表示方法：
    1.首选格式

    首选格式的表示方法其实没有任何讲究，就是将IPv6中的128位，也就是共32个字符完完整整，一个不漏地全写出来，比如下面就是一些IPv6地址的首选格式表示形式：

    0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

    0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001

    2001:0410:0000:1234:FB00:1400:5000:45FF

    3ffe:0000:0000:0000:1010:2a2a:0000:0001

    FE80:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0009

    FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF:FFFF
    从上面IPv6地址的首选格式表示中可以看出，每一个地址，都将32个字符全部写了出来，即使地址中有许多个0，或者有许多个F，也都一个不漏地写了出来，由此可见，首选格式只需要将地址完整写出即可，没有任何复杂的变化，但是容易出错。
    2.压缩格式

    从前面一个IPv6地址表示方法首选格式表示方法中可以看出，一个完整的IPv6地址中，会经常性的出现许多个0,而我们知道，许多时候，0是毫无意义的，0表示没有，写出来，也表示没有，不写，也同样表示没有，那么我们就考虑能否将不影响地址结果的0给省略不写，这样就可以大大节省时间，也方便人们阅读和书写，这样的将地址省略0的表示方法，称为压缩格式。

    而压缩格式的表示中，分三种情况，下面来分别介绍三种压缩格式：
    第一种情况：

    在IPv6中，地址分为8个段来表示，每个段共4个字符，但是一个完整的IPv6地址会经常碰到整个段4个字符全部都为0，所以我们将整个段4个字符全部都为0的使用双冒号::来表示，如果连续多个段全都为0，那么也可以同样将多个段都使用 双冒号::来表示，如果是多个段，并不需要将双冒号写多次，只需要写一次即可，比如一个地址8个段，其中有三个段全都为0，那么我们就将这全为0的三个段共48位用::来表示，再将其它5个段照常写出即可，当计算机读到这样一个不足128位的地址时，比128位少了多少位，就在::的地方补上多少个0，比如上面的::代替为48位，那么计算机就会在这个地址的::位置补上48位的0，这样就正确地将地址还原回去了。

    下面来看一些整个段4个字符都为0的IPv6地址使用压缩格式来表示：

    例1：

    压缩前：

    0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

    压缩后：

    ::

    说明：可以看出，由于这个地址的8个段全部都为0，所以只用::就将整个地址表示出来，当计算机拿到这个压缩后的地址时，发现比正常的128位少了128位，那么就会在::的地方补上128个0，结果为：

    0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

    可以看出，计算机还原的地址就是压缩之前的真实地址。
    例2：

    压缩前：

    0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001

    压缩后：

    ::0001

    说明：可以看出，压缩后的地址比正常的128位少了112位，计算机就会在::的地方补上112个0，结果为：

    0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001

    可以看出，计算机还原的地址就是压缩之前的真实地址。
    例3：

    压缩前：

    2001:0410:0000: 0000:FB00:1400:5000:45FF

    压缩后：

    2001:0410 :: FB00:1400:5000:45FF

    说明：可以看出，压缩后的地址比正常的128位少了32位，计算机就会在::的地方补上32个0，结果为：

    2001:0410:0000: 0000:FB00:1400:5000:45FF

    可以看出，计算机还原的地址就是压缩之前的真实地址。
    例4：

    压缩前：

    3ffe:0000:0000:0000:1010:2a2a:0000:0001

    压缩后：

    3ffe::1010:2a2a::0001

    说明：当计算机拿到这个压缩后的地址，发现比正常的128位少了64位，计算机就会试图在::的地方补上少了的64个0，但是我们可以看到，压缩后的地址有两个::，而计算机要补上64个0，所以这时补出来的结果很可能是以下几种：

    3ffe:0000:1010:2a2a: 0000:0000:0000:0001

    或

    3ffe:0000:00001010:2a2a::0000:0000:0001

    或

    3ffe:0000:0000:0000:1010:2a2a:0000:0001

    从结果中可以发现，当一个IPv6地址被压缩后，如果计算机出现两个或多个::的时候，计算机在将地址还原时，就可能出现多种情况，这将导致计算机还原后的地址不是压缩之前的地址，将导致地址错误，最终通信失败。

    所以，在压缩IPv6地址时，一个地址中只能出现一个::。

     

    第二种情况：

    在压缩格式的第一种情况的表示中，是在地址中整个段4个字符都为0时，才将其压缩为::来表示，但是在使用第一种情况压缩之后，我们仍然可以看见地址中还存在许多毫无意义的0，比如0001，0410。我们知道，0001中，虽然前面有三个0，但是如果我们将前面的0全部省略掉，写为1，结果是等于0001的，而0410也是一样，我们将前面的0省略掉，写成410，也同样等于0410的，所以我们在省略数字前面的0时，是不影响结果的，那么这个时候，表示IPv6地址时，允许将一个段中前导部分的0省略不写，因为不影响结果。但是需要注意的是，如果0不是前导0，比如2001，我们就不能省略0写成21，因为21不等于2001，所以在中间的0不能省略，只能省略最前面的0。下面来看一些省略前导0的地址表示形式：

    例1：

    压缩前：

    0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000

    压缩后：

    0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0

    从结果中可以看出，计算机根本就不需要对这样的地址还原，压缩后的结果和压缩前的结果是相等的。
    例2：

    压缩前：

    0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001

    压缩后：

    0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1

    从结果中可以看出，计算机根本就不需要对这样的地址还原，压缩后的结果和压缩前的结果是相等的。
    例3：

    压缩前：

    2001:0410:0000:1234:FB00:1400:5000:45FF

    压缩后：

    2001:410:0:1234:FB00:1400:5000:45FF

    从结果中可以看出，计算机根本就不需要对这样的地址还原，压缩后的结果和压缩前的结果是相等的。
    第三种情况：

    在前面两种IPv6地址的压缩表示方法中，第一种是在整段4个字符全为0时，才将其压缩后写为::,而第二种是将无意义的0省略不写，可以发现两种方法都能节省时间，方便阅读。第三种压缩方法就是结合前两种方法，既将整段4个字符全为0的部分写成::，也将无意义的0省略不写，结果就可以出现以下一些最方便的表示方法：

    例1：

    压缩前：

    0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0001

    压缩后：

    :: 1

    可以看到，结合了两种压缩格式的方法，但为简便。
    例2：

    压缩前：

    2001:0410:0000:0000:FB00:1400:5000:45FF

    压缩后：

    2001:410:: FB00:1400:5000:45FF

    可以看到，结合了两种压缩格式的方法，但为简便。

     

    3.IPv4内嵌在IPv6中

    在网络还没有全部从IPv4过渡到IPv6时，就可能出现某些设备即连接了IPv4网络，又连接了IPv6网络，对于这样的情况，就需要一个地址即可以表示IPv4地址，又可以表示IPv6地址。

    因为一个IPv4地址为32位，一个IPv6地址为128位，要让一个IPv4地址表示为IPv6地址，明显已经少了96位，那么就将一个正常的IPv4地址通过增加96位，结果变成128位，来与IPv6通信。在表示时，是在IPv4原有地址的基础上，增加96个0，结果变成128位，增加的96个0再结合原有的IPv4地址，表示方法为

    0:0:0:0:0:0:A.B.C.D 或者::A.B.C.D.，如下：

    0000: 0000: 0000: 0000:0000:0000:A.B.C.D

    9 6 个0 32位

    例：

    IPv4地址为 138.1.1.1

    表示IPv6地址为0:0:0:0:0:0:138.1.1.1

  • 解决android 2.x版本pptp vpn不能连接的问题

    手里有个LG p350手机，刷机后系统为2.3.7，始终无法vpn，无论是pptp还是openvpn，当然这还得怪我这个有洁癖，什么都喜欢用原生态，手机也是，非得刷原生态ROM，vpn也只喜欢用系统自带的。

    好吧，少话废话，直接上android 2.x版本pptp vpn连接的上，却无法访问网络的的解决方法。原因就出在服务端的配置ppp-options文件上,直接注销“require-mppe-128”这个选项，然后在手机里去掉“启用加密”的勾选。OK，再看看，已经连接上，而且也能访问网络了。

    如果是android 4.x，最后是把这项打开，手机上也选上“启用加密”。呵呵……

  • Debian7 Wheezy Gnome3找回最大化最小化按钮

    直接ALT+F2,输入dconf-editor

    org>gnome>shell>overrides>button-layout,把值改成 ：

    ;minimize,maximize,close（包括冒号）

    要注意一点，dconf-editor这个命令在终端下输入会提示错误警告，而且不能修改，所以得用ALT+F2才行，具体原因我不知道。

  • Debian: dmesg output contains “Error: Driver ‘pcspkr’ is already registered, aborting…”

    解决方法：

    aptitude install alsa-base

    echo blacklist snd-pcsp >> /etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base-blacklist.conf

    如果alsa-base-blacklist.conf文件里有blacklist snd-pcsp就不必执行echo了

     

     

  • android手机刷机

    fastboot erase recovery

     

    fastboot flash recovery recovery.img

     

    fastboot reboot

     

    下载ROM与recovery

    http://www.clockworkmod.com/rommanager

  • Could not load host key: /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key

    debian

    service ssh restart

    出现Could not load host key: /etc/ssh/ssh_host_ecdsa_key

    解决方法：

    dpkg-reconfigure openssh-server